The basic rule is that any expense that’s ordinary and necessary for running your business is deductible. Ordinary means common in your industry. Necessary means helpful and appropriate. Most of what you spend to operate qualifies.

Operating expenses form the foundation. Rent, utilities, office supplies, internet, phone service. If you use it for business, it counts. For contractors and trades, this includes tools, safety equipment, job site supplies, and materials that don’t get billed to a specific job.

Vehicle expenses add up fast. You can deduct actual expenses like gas, insurance, repairs, and depreciation. Or you can take the standard mileage rate, which is simpler but requires tracking every business mile. Either method needs documentation. A logbook or mileage app running in the background makes this manageable.

Equipment purchases can often be deducted in full using Section 179. That new truck, trailer, or piece of machinery doesn’t have to be depreciated over several years. You can write off the full cost in the year you buy it, up to certain limits. Your accountant should handle the specifics since the rules change.

Home office deduction applies if you have dedicated space used only for business. Calculate based on square footage. This covers a portion of your mortgage or rent, utilities, and home insurance. The space needs to be used regularly and exclusively for business to qualify.

Professional services are deductible. Your accountant, lawyer, bookkeeper, and consultants. Anyone you pay who isn’t an employee.

Insurance premiums count. General liability, commercial auto, workers comp, professional liability. Health insurance premiums for yourself get handled differently but are still deductible if you’re self-employed.

Marketing and advertising are fully deductible. Website costs, business cards, social media ads, vehicle wraps, job site signs. Sponsoring a local youth sports team or buying an ad in a community publication counts too.

Business meals are 50% deductible when there’s a legitimate business purpose. Taking a potential client to lunch to discuss a project works. Eating alone at your desk doesn’t.

Software and subscriptions used for business are deductible. QuickBooks, project management tools, estimating software, industry publications. Monthly fees add up over the year.

Interest on business loans is deductible. This includes equipment financing, lines of credit, and credit card interest on business purchases.

Education and training related to your business qualify. Courses, certifications, conferences, books. If it helps you do your job better or stay current in your industry, it’s deductible.

Retirement contributions through a SEP-IRA, SIMPLE IRA, or Solo 401k reduce your taxable income while building savings. The contribution limits are generous for self-employed owners and this is one of the best tax planning tools available.

What’s not deductible includes fines and penalties, political contributions, personal expenses you run through the business, and federal income taxes.

The deductions only work if you can prove them. Keep receipts. Use a dedicated business bank account and credit card. Categorize everything correctly in your accounting software. Trying to reconstruct a year of expenses from memory leads to missed deductions and problems if you’re ever audited.

Most small business owners leave money on the table not because they lack deductible expenses but because they don’t track them properly. Good bookkeeping services in American Fork keeps deductions organized throughout the year so nothing gets missed when tax season arrives.